Izingubo zendabuko zase-Oceania ziwukubonakaliswa kwangempela kwenhlanganisela phakathi amasiko okhokho, imvelo kanye nobungokomoya lokho kuchaza le ngxenye yomhlaba. Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi konke kuhlanganiswa ndawonye, ​​akufani ukukhuluma ngabantu bomdabu base-Australia njengoba kunjalo ukukhuluma ngeziqhingi zasePacific ezifana nePolynesia, iMelanesia noma iMicronesia: indawo ngayinye inezindwangu zayo, imihlobiso, izimpawu kanye nezindlela zokuqonda izingubo.
Ezingxenyeni eziningi zase-Oceania, izingubo zendabuko zisaphila, hhayi emikhosini noma emibukisweni yezivakashi kuphela, kodwa nase- amasiko, imikhosi yomndeni kanye nemikhosi yomphakathiKusukela ezingutsheni ezenziwe ngemicu yemvelo kuya emidwebweni egqamile nenemibala, izingubo zendabuko zihlobene kakhulu nesimo sezulu esishisayo, ulwandle, kanye nomhlaba. Ngezansi, sizohlola izifunda eziyinhloko kanye nezingubo zazo ezimele kakhulu ukuze siqonde kangcono leli zwe eliyingqayizivele.
Umongo ojwayelekile wezingubo zendabuko e-Oceania
Izingubo eziningi zendabuko zase-Oceanic zakhiwe eziqhingini nasezindaweni lapho isimo sezulu sifudumele noma sishisa khona, okuvumela ukusetshenziswa izingubo ezilula, izindwangu eziphefumulayo kanye nemicu yezitshaloAkuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi iziketi zamaqabunga, izindwangu zikakotini ezinhle noma ama-sarong amaningi: okubaluleke kakhulu bekulokhu kuyinduduzo endaweni enokushisa, umswakama kanye nokuphila kwangaphandle.
Ngaphandle kwesimo sezulu, kunesici esinamandla esingokomfanekiso: eziningi zalezi zingubo zihlobene amasiko enkolo, amasiko okudlulela kwelinye izwe kanye nemikhosi njengemishado, ukuzalwa, noma imingcwabo. Imibala, amaphethini, kanye nokuhleleka kwezingubo kungabonisa isikhundla emphakathini, isikhundla eqenjini, ubulungu beqembu, noma ngisho nohlobo lomcimbi ogujwayo.
Esinye isici esivamile ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwe- Izinto ezivela endaweni eseduze: amaqabunga, amagxolo, amagobolondo, izimpaphe namathamboNgaphambi kokufika kwabakoloni baseYurophu, ukusetshenziswa kwezindwangu ezifana nekotini kwakungaziwa eziqhingini eziningi zasePacific, ngakho-ke izingubo zenziwa ngalokho okwakunikezwa yizihlahla, izihlahla zesundu kanye nolwandle. Namuhla, yize izindwangu zezimboni sezifakiwe, lezi zinto zemvelo zisasetshenziswa emikhosini yendabuko nasemidansweni.
I-Australia: Izingubo Zomdabu Nokuvela Kwesimanje
E-Australia, abantu ababizwa ngokuthi abomdabu noma abomdabu babenobuhlobo obuhlukile kakhulu nezingubo kunalobo obalethwa kamuva yikoloni yaseYurophu. Ezindaweni eziningi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifudumele, izingubo zazincane kakhulu, futhi kwakubaluleke kakhulu Ukuhlobisa umzimba ngopende, izibazi zemikhosi, kanye nemihlobiso kunokuba kusetshenziswe izingubo zendwangu.
Upende womzimba, owenziwe ngemibala yemvelo efana ne-ocher, amalahle, noma ubumba olumhlophe, ukhonzwa ukuhlukanisa amaqembu, ukuphawula izikhathi ezibalulekile, noma ukumelela Izindaba zesikhathi samaphuphoIndaba enkulu engokomoya yabantu bomdabu. Le midwebo yasetshenziswa emzimbeni nasebusweni ngokulandela amaphethini noma izimo eziphefumulelwe yimvelo.
Ngokuphathelene nezingubo ngokwazo, amajazi noma amakapisi enziwe izikhumba zezilwane, imicu yemifino noma amagxolo acutshunguliweikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezibandayo zaseningizimu. Zazivame ukuhlotshiswa ngemigexo yamagobolondo, izimpaphe, noma amathambo, kanye namabhande noma izibopho eziboshwe okhalweni, ezazingathwala imihlobiso noma izinto zokwenza umsindo ezisetshenziswa emikhosini nasemidansweni.
Njengoba kwaqala ukwakhiwa amakoloni, izitayela zabomdabu zasuswa yizingubo zaseNtshonalanga, kodwa emikhosini yamasiko, emidansweni yendabuko, nasemicimbini yomphakathi, kusavamile ukuzibona. ukuvuselelwa kwezingubo zomkhosi Kwesindabuko. Kwezinye izimo, izinto zakudala (upende womzimba, izimpaphe, imicu) zihlanganiswa nezindwangu zesimanje, okudala ingxube yefa labomdabu kanye neqiniso lase-Australia lanamuhla.
IPolynesia: izimbali, ama-sarong kanye nemidanso enemibala
IPolynesia cishe iyisifunda sase-Oceania lapho izingubo zaso zendabuko ziyaziwa kakhulu emphakathini, ngenxa yokuthandwa kwezindawo ezifana nalezi. IHawaii, iTahiti noma iSamoa kanye nemidanso edumile eneziketi ezenziwe ngemicu yezitshalo. Kodwa-ke, ngaphakathi kwePolynesia kunokwehlukahlukana okukhulu, yize babelana ngezici ezithile ezivamile njengokusetshenziswa kwezimbali, imiqhele yezitshalo, kanye nezindwangu eziphrintiwe.
EHawaii, esinye sezici ezidumile kakhulu zezingubo zendabuko yi- Ngifunda, umgexo wezimbali Lezi zigexo zinikezwa njengesibonakaliso sokwamukela, uthando, noma inhlonipho. Zingenziwa nangamaqabunga, imbewu, noma amagobolondo, kodwa ezaziwa kakhulu zenziwe ngezimbali zemvelo ezinephunga elimnandi.
Ngokuphathelene nezingubo, abesifazane bavame ukugqoka iziketi ezibanzi ezenziwe ngendwangu ephrintiwe (okuthiwa Imidwebo yaseHawaii enezimbali ezinkulu nemibala egqamilenoma iziketi ezenziwe ngemicu yezitshalo ezihamba kahle nomdanso we-hula. Ingaphezulu lingaba yi-top ehambisanayo noma, ezimweni zendabuko nezemikhosi, ibhande lendwangu elihambisanayo, elihlala lihambisana nemihlobiso yezinwele njengezimbali noma imigexo emincane ekhanda nasezihlakaleni.
Amadoda aseHawaii, emidansweni nasemikhosini, angase agqoke neziketi ezenziwe ngemicu yemvelo noma ama-sarong aboshiwe okhalweni, kuhlanganiswe nemigexo yembewu. amasongo amaqabunga kanye nemiqhele yezitshaloLonke iqembu lifuna ukuqinisa ubuhlobo nemvelo, ulwandle, kanye nonkulunkulu bendabuko.
ETahiti nakwezinye iziqhingi zaseFrench Polynesia, i-pareo (ephinde ibhalwe ngokuthi i-sarong kwezinye izindawo) iyingubo ebaluleke kakhulu. indwangu enkulu engunxande, ngokuvamile eyenziwe ngokotini olulaokungaboshwa ngezindlela eziningi: njengesiketi eside, isiketi esifushane, ingubo, ingaphezulu noma ngisho nesikhafu.
Ama-pareo aseTahiti avame ukuhlotshiswa nge imidwebo yezimbali, amaqabunga esundu kanye nemidwebo ephefumulelwe olwandleZihlala ziza ngemibala egqamile: obomvu obukhali, oluhlaza okotshani, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, noma ophuzi. Abesifazane bazihlanganisa neziqongo ezilula, imigexo yegobolondo, nezimbali ezinweleni zabo, kuyilapho amadoda ezigqoka kakhulu okhalweni.
Emidansweni yaseTahiti eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kusetshenziswa neziketi ezinkulu ezenziwe ngamaqabunga omisiwe noma imicu yefayibha, ezihambisana namabhande aqinile ahlotshisiwe, izigqoko zekhanda zezimpaphe, kanye ama-wreath agcwele amaqabunga nezimbaliUmqondo uwukuthi ukunyakaza komzimba kugqanyiswa ukunyakaza kwemicu kanye nokukhanya kwemihlobiso.
ESamoa, eTonga, nakwezinye iziqhingi zasePolynesia, izingubo zendabuko zijikeleza izingcezu zendwangu ezisongwe emzimbeni, ezifana ne-sarong, kodwa zinamagama azo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo. ESamoa, isibonelo, i-lavalava iyi- indwangu engunxande eboshwe okhalweni futhi isetshenziswa ngamadoda nabesifazane ezimweni zansuku zonke nezemikhosi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhosi eminingi ehlelekile isebenzisa amabhande neziketi ezenziwe nge- amaqabunga esundu alukiwe, imicu kakhukhunathi noma amagxolo Izinto ezihlotshisiwe zengeza ukuthungwa kanye nophawu eqenjini. Imiqhele yezimbali, imigexo yembewu, kanye namasongo emvelo, cishe uphawu lwePolynesia, nawo akhona.
I-Melanesia: izingubo zesiko kanye nezifihla-buso ezikhangayo
I-Melanesia ihlanganisa amazwe nezindawo ezifana ne- IPapua New Guinea, iVanuatu, iziQhingi zaseSolomon kanye neFijiPhakathi kwezinye. Yisifunda esihlukahlukene kakhulu, esinamakhulu ezinhlanga ezahlukene, futhi lokhu kubonakala ezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezingubo zomdabu kanye nemihlobiso, eziningi zazo zihlaba umxhwele kakhulu emikhosini nasemidansweni yamaqhawe.
EPapua New Guinea, izingubo zendabuko zidumile ngemibala yazo egqamile kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinto zokwakha. Kwezinye izizwe, izingubo ngokwazo zingase zibe zincane, kodwa lokhu kukhokhelwa yi... imihlobiso yomzimba eyinkimbinkimbiUpende okhanyayo usetshenziswa ebusweni nasemzimbeni, kuhlanganiswe nezigqoko ezinkulu zezinwele zezinyoni zepharadesi, izigqoko zefayibha, kanye nemihlobiso eyenziwe ngamazinyo endlovu, amathambo, namagobolondo olwandle.
Ingubo evamile yomkhosi ingase ihlanganise isiketi esenziwe ngemicu yezitshalo, amabhande anezikhumba, amasongo ethambo, kanye ne-a uphaphu olukhulu lwezimpaphe ekhandaLezi zingubo zivame ukuhambisana nezifihla-buso noma izici zobuso ezishintsha ngokuphelele ukubukeka komuntu. Zigqokwa emidansweni yendabuko, emikhosini, nasemicimbini yokucula nokucula (imibuthano yamaqembu okucula nokudansa).
EVanuatu, eminye imiphakathi isagcina amasiko okugqoka amasiko, ikakhulukazi eziqhingini ezikude kakhulu. Amadoda angase agqoke izingubo ezivamile. izembozo ezincane noma izingubo zokulala ezenziwe ngemicu yemvelo, kuyilapho abesifazane begqoka iziketi ezenziwe ngamaqabunga omisiwe noma imicu yotshani, evame ukudaywa ngemibala yemvelo.
Imihlobiso yomzimba nayo idlala indima ebalulekile: imigexo yegobolondo, amasongo egxolo, amacici ethambo, kanye nezitayela zezinwele eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinamahlamvu nezimpaphe. Izingubo zomkhosi zingafaka phakathi Izifihla-buso zokhuni eziqoshiwe kanye nezakhiwo zezitshalo ezigoqa ingxenye yomzimba, zidala izithombe eziheha amehlo kakhulu ngesikhathi semikhosi.
ESolomon Islands, kwenzeka into efanayo ngeziketi zefayibha kanye nemihlobiso yegobolondo, okuyingxenye yokuphila kwansuku zonke emiphakathini ethile kanye nemidanso kanye nemikhuba. Eziningi zalezi zingubo zihlobene kakhulu amasiko okuthwasa kanye nemikhosi yomphakathi lapho umculo wedrama nokucula kudlala indima ebalulekile.
IFiji, yize ibhekwa njengengxenye yeMelanesia, ithole ithonya elinamandla lasePolynesia, futhi kamuva, ithonya laseYurophu, okubonakala kakhulu ezingutsheni zayo zendabuko nezesimanje. Esinye sezici ezimele kakhulu yi- indwangu yamagxolo, eyaziwa eziqhingini eziningi zasePacific ngokuthi isivalo noma i-masi eFiji.
I-Masi yenziwe ngegxolo elingaphakathi lezihlahla ezithile, eligaywayo, lisakazwe, bese lomiswa ukuze lenze uhlobo oluthile lwe- iphepha lezindwangu elingamelaniAmaphethini ejometri, imidwebo yemvelo, noma izimpawu ezithile zesizwe ngasinye zidwetshwe kule ndawo, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa udayi wemvelo onsundu, omnyama, nobomvu.
Emicimbini ebalulekile, njengemishado noma amasiko endabuko, kuvamile ukuthi amadoda nabesifazane bagqoke izingubo ezenziwe ngama-masi, kungaba ngeziketi ezinde, ama-capes, noma izingcezu ezigoqa umzimba wonkeNgaphezu kwalokho, zihlanganiswe nemigexo yegobolondo, izimbali ezinweleni, futhi ngezinye izikhathi, iziketi ezengeziwe ezenziwe ngemicu yezitshalo ezinikeza ukunyakaza okwengeziwe.
IMicronesia: ukulula nokuzivumelanisa nezimo zemvelo yasolwandle
IMicronesia, eyakhiwe yiziqhingi ezifana ne- Izizwe Ezihlangene zaseMicronesia, ePalau, eMarshall Islands noma eKiribatiInezingubo zendabuko ezivame ukuba lula kunezezinye izindawo zasePolynesia noma eMelanesia, kodwa ezivumelana kahle nesimo sezulu kanye nemvelo yasolwandle.
Eziqhingini eziningi zaseMicronesia, abesifazane bavame ukugqoka iziketi ezenziwe ngemicu yezitshalo noma izindwangu ezilula, ngokuvamile ezingenaso isigqoko noma iziqongo ezilula kakhulu ezenziwe ngezindwangu noma imicuKuye ngesikhathi kanye nethonya langaphandle, amadoda ayengagqoka ama-loincloth noma ama-sarong amancane aboshiwe okhalweni.
Njengakwezinye izingxenye ze-Oceania, akukho ukushoda kwemihlobiso yamagobolondo, imigexo yembewu, amasongo e-coral kanye izigqoko zekhanda ezinamahlamvu nezimbali emikhosini. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amahembe nezingubo zikakotini eziphrintiwe ziye zafakwa, kodwa izingubo zendabuko ziyavuselelwa emikhosini nasemidansweni.
Ithonya lesimo sezulu kanye nokubuswa yikoloni ezimpahleni zendabuko
Izitayela zezingubo e-Oceania azikwazi ukuqondwa ngaphandle kokucabangela isimo sezulu. Ingxenye enkulu yesifunda ijabulela amazinga okushisa aphezulu unyaka wonke, ngakho-ke izingubo zivame ukuba... ilula, ivulekile futhi iphefumuleka kakhuluLokhu kuholela ezindwangu ezinhle, ukusetshenziswa njalo kwama-sarong, ukungabikho kwemikhono, kanye nezingubo ezivumela ukunyakaza kalula.
Ukufika kwabaseYurophu, izithunywa zevangeli, kanye nabahwebi nakho kwashintsha kakhulu izingubo. Kwezinye iziqhingi, ukusetshenziswa [kwezingubo ezingachazwanga] kwakhuthazwa. izingubo "ezinesizotha" ngokwezindinganiso zaseNtshonalanganjengezingubo ezinde zabesifazane kanye namahembe amadoda. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, la mathonya ahlangana nezakhi zendawo, okwaholela ezingutsheni ezintsha ezixubile.
Namuhla, iningi labantu base-Oceania ligqoka izingubo zasemadolobheni nezomhlaba wonke ekuphileni kwabo kwansuku zonke, ligcina izingubo zendabuko ukuze imicimbi yamasiko, imikhosi yezivakashi kanye nemikhosi yenkoloKodwa-ke, emiphakathini ehlukene kakhulu, ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwezingubo ezithile zendabuko kusatholakala, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisebenza kahle futhi ezivumelaniswe nendawo ezungezile.
Uphawu lwamasiko nolokomoya lwezingubo zasolwandle
I-Los izingubo zendabuko zase-Oceania Akuyona nje indaba yobuhle; banengxenye enamandla kakhulu yokomoya. Emasikweni amaningi esifundeni, izingubo kanye nokuhlobisa kubhekwa njengento ukwandiswa kobunikazi kanye nesibopho nokhokhoUkugqoka izimpaphe ezithile, imibala ethile, noma iphethini ethile kungaba yindlela yokuhlonipha isizwe, onkulunkulu, noma imimoya eqaphayo.
Emikhubeni yokuthwasa, isibonelo, kuvamile ukuthi intsha igqoke izingubo ezithile noma imihlobiso okokuqala ngqa efanekisela ukuguquka kwabo kusukela ebuntwaneni kuya ebudaleniNgokufanayo, emingcwabeni noma emikhosini yokulila, kusetshenziswa izingubo ezibonisa ukulila kanye nokuxhumana nezwe labafileyo.
Emikhosini yanamuhla, imiphakathi eminingi isebenzisa ithuba lokuqinisekisa ubuwena bayo kanye nelungelo layo lomhlaba, ngokuziqhenya ikhombisa izingubo zendabuko, imidanso nezingomaLokhu kubaluleke nakakhulu ezimweni lapho ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuphakama kwamazinga olwandle kusongela ngqo iziqhingi eziningana zasePacific, futhi lapho isiko liba yindlela yokuma likhohlwe futhi linyamalale.
Uma zizonke, izingubo zendabuko zase-Oceania zakha i-mosaic ekhangayo lapho zihlangana khona imvelo, umlando, ingokomoya kanye nobunikazi obuhlangeneKusukela emidwebo yomzimba yabantu bomdabu base-Australia kuya kuma-pareos agcwele izimbali asePolynesia, edlula ezifihlakalweni ezimangalisayo zaseMelanesia kanye nobulula obusebenzayo baseMicronesia, ingubo ngayinye ilandisa indaba yokuzivumelanisa nemvelo kanye nokuziqhenya ngamasiko okusaphila naphezu kokuhwebelana komhlaba wonke.