Uma ucabanga ukuya enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Argentina, qonda Zinjani izinkathi ezine zonyaka eCatamarca? Kubaluleke kakhulu njengokukhetha uhlelo lohambo. Isimo sezulu senhloko-dolobha kanye nesifundazwe ngokujwayelekile singasebenza ngokuvumelana noma ngokumelene nolwazi lwakho: ihlobo elishisayo kakhulu, ubusika obomile obunobusuku obubandayo, ukushintshashintsha okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa, kanye nokwehlukahlukana okumangalisayo kwezindawo ezisukela ezigodini ezivundile kuya ethafeni eliphakeme lase-Andean.
Kuyo yonke le ndatshana uzothola umhlahlandlela ophelele nonemininingwane eminingi mayelana Isimo sezulu saseCatamarca ngokwesizini kanye nenyanga nenyangaNgaphezu kwezincomo ezisebenzayo zokunquma ukuthi uzoya nini ngokusekelwe ezinhlelweni zakho—ukuvakasha kwedolobha, izindawo zokuphumula ezigodini, imizila emihle efana ne-Six-Thousanders Route, noma uhambo olude kakhulu ethafeni eliphezulu lase-Andean kanye nasezintabeni ezinkulu—ngizophendula nemibuzo evame kakhulu kulabo abangakaze baye lapho: Ingabe kushisa njengoba besho? Ingabe komile? Ingabe kuyakhithika? Futhi yisiphi isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokuvakashela?
Isimo sezulu esijwayelekile senhloko-dolobha yaseCatamarca: ongakulindela phakathi nonyaka
Idolobha laseSan Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, inhloko-dolobha yesifundazwe, linendawo isimo sezulu esifudumele nesomile kancane (BSh esigabeni se-Köppen)Lokhu kuholela ebusika obuthambile kodwa obomile, obunobusuku obungabanda, kanye nehlobo elishisa kakhulu nelinomvula, lapho imvula ivame ukwenzeka ngesimo seziphepho zasemini noma zakusihlwa.
Inhloko-dolobha itholakala e- enyakatho ye-Argentina, cishe ku-latitude eseningizimu engu-28º kanye namamitha angu-500 ngaphezu kolwandleItholakala esigodini esingaphansi kwezintaba zase-Andes futhi ivikelwe empumalanga yizintaba ezincane. Le ndawo ephakathi kwezintaba yenza idolobha lishise kakhulu futhi libe sengozini [engacacile - mhlawumbe "iziphepho" noma "amagagasi okushisa"]. ukushisa okukhulungoba imimoya yasezintabeni ingafika ishisa ngenxa yokucindezelwa njengoba yehla.
Ubusika ngokuvamile buthambile emini, kodwa kusukela maphakathi noMeyi kuya maphakathi no-Agasti Kukhona umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamazinga okushisa asemini nasebusuku. Nakuba isimo sezulu somile futhi ilanga lifudumeza umhlabathi kakhulu, ukuqubuka komoya obandayo ngezikhathi ezithile kusuka eningizimu kungabangela ubusuku obubandayo kakhulu, amazinga okushisa ehla ngaphansi kuka-0°C.
Kulezo ziqephu zomoya we-polar, ezivame ukwenzeka phakathi ekupheleni kukaMeyi nasekuqaleni kukaSepthembaKuye kwaqoshwa amazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu. Irekhodi eliphelele enhloko-dolobha licishe libe ngu--9°C, futhi kusukela ngo-1991, amazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu angu--7,4°C (Julayi 1994) kanye no--7,3°C (Julayi 2024) avelele. Nakuba kungavamile ebusika baseCatamarca, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukubanda okukhulu ebusuku kungenzeka.
Iqhwa edolobheni laseCatamarca liyinto eyenzeka kakhulu okungajwayelekile futhi okungajwayelekileUbusika buyomile, futhi ilanga lisiza ekukhuphuleni amazinga okushisa emini kakhulu, ngakho-ke izimo ezifanelekile zokuwa kweqhwa azivamile. Eqinisweni, kungadlula iminyaka eminingana ngaphandle kokuwa kweqhwa elilodwa: ukuwa kweqhwa ngasekupheleni kukaJuni 1996 nangoJulayi 2007 kukhunjulwa njengemicimbi evelele.
Ihlobo eCatamarca: ukushisa okukhulu neziphepho
Ihlobo, eliseningizimu yezwekazi elihlala cishe kusukela UDisemba kuya kuFebhuwariYisikhathi esishisa kakhulu futhi esinemvula kakhulu enhloko-dolobha yaseCatamarca. Noma kunjalo, imvula ihlala iphakathi nendawo: akukho nyanga yonyaka lapho imvula ejwayelekile idlula khona amamilimitha ayi-100.
NgoJanuwari, inyanga eshisa kakhulu, Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lansuku zonke licishe libe ngu-28,2°Camazinga okushisa ajwayelekile angaba ngu-21,9°C kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu angaba ngu-34,5°C. Ngobusuku obupholile kakhulu baleyo nyanga, amazinga okushisa angehla ngezinye izikhathi abe cishe ngu-15,5°C, kanti amazinga okushisa aphansi angu-11,6°C aqoshwa ngisho ngoJanuwari 1993. Kodwa isici esaziwa kakhulu sehlobo eCatamarca amaza okushisa alo: ngezinsuku ezinzima kakhulu, amazinga okushisa ajwayelekile afinyelela cishe ku-40,5°C, kanti ngoJanuwari 2006 afinyelela ku-44°C.
UFebhuwari ugcina isimo esifudumele kakhulu, yize singacindezeli kangako: izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile liyi 26,9 ºC (ubuncane be-20,8 ºC, umkhawulo ongu-33 ºC)Ubusuku obubanda kakhulu bungehla bufike cishe ku-14°C, kanti amazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu angu-9,7°C ngoFebhuwari 1993. Ngezinsuku ezishisa kakhulu zenyanga, amazinga okushisa aphezulu angaba ngu-39,5°C, kanti amazinga okushisa angu-42,5°C afinyelelwe ngoFebhuwari 2014.
Ngokuphathelene nemvula, uJanuwari uyanqwabelana nxazonke 81 mm ezinsukwini eziyi-7NgoFebhuwari, kwana imvula ecishe ibe ngu-74 mm ezinsukwini eziyi-6. Akuyona isimo sezulu semvula eqhubekayo, kodwa kuneziphepho ezimfushane neziseduze kakhulu, ezivame ukukhulula amandla azo aphelele emini, zishiye umuzwa wezimo ezinzima ezimanzi ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kokushisa nomswakama.
Imisebe yelanga ehlobo iphezulu: ngoJanuwari nangoFebhuwari, isilinganiso cishe Amahora angu-7,5 okukhanya kwelanga okusebenzayo ngosukuLokhu kulingana nengxenye encane yosuku. Umswakama ohlobene ujikeleza cishe ku-52-56% kanti isivinini somoya esimaphakathi singama-20-22 km/h, okusho ukuthi ngisho noma kunemimoya evunguzayo ngezikhathi ezithile, ukushisa kuhlala kucindezela, ikakhulukazi lapho kushisa isikhathi eside.
Phakathi nalezi zivunguvungu zokushisa zasehlobo, Izinga lokushisa lingafinyelela kalula ku-40°C noma ngaphezulu.Futhi ingxenye embi kakhulu ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi ukushisa akupheli ngisho nasebusuku: ezinsukwini ezimbi kakhulu, izinga lokushisa eliphansi ebusuku lingahlala lisondele ku-30°C. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, amazinga okushisa asondele ku-45-47°C alinganisiwe, kanti irekhodi eliphelele lomlando wendawo lingu-47°C, eliqoshwe ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba 2009.
Ikwindla eCatamarca: isizini yokuguquka efanele yokuhamba
Ikwindla eCatamarca, kusukela Kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuMeyiLesi isikhathi esivame ukuba mnandi kakhulu sokuvakashela inhloko-dolobha kanye nezifunda eziningi zesifundazwe. Amazinga okushisa aqala ukuba mancane, imvula iyancipha uma kuqhathaniswa nehlobo, futhi izinga lokushisa elibonakalayo liba lula kakhulu ukulibekezelela, yize ezinye izinsuku ezishisayo kakhulu zisengaba khona ekuqaleni kwesizini.
UMashi usagcina isimo esifudumele ngokusobala: izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile liyi 25,2 ºC (ubuncane be-19,2 ºC, umkhawulo ongu-31,3 ºC)Ebusuku obupholile, amazinga okushisa angehla afinyelele cishe ku-13°C, kanti amanani aphezulu kakhulu angu-9,1°C aqoshwe ngoMashi 1998. Ngezinsuku ezishisa kakhulu, amazinga aphezulu ajwayelekile angaba ngu-37,5°C, kodwa akuvamile ukufinyelela amazinga aphezulu; ngoMashi 2020, isibonelo, afinyelele ku-41°C.
Imvula ngoMashi ilinganiselwa cishe Imvula engu-50 mm ezinsukwini ezi-5Usuku luthatha cishe amahora ayi-12 nemizuzu eyi-10, kanye namahora ayi-6 okukhanya kwelanga ngosuku (50% wamahora okukhanya kwelanga). Njengoba ihlobo lincipha, umswakama ojwayelekile ujikeleza cishe ku-59%, kanti umoya uvunguza cishe ku-19 km/h.
U-Ephreli kakade unikeza isimo sezulu esithambile kakhulu: isilinganiso sanyanga zonke singu- 21,3 ºC (ubuncane be-15 ºC, umkhawulo ongu-27,6 ºC)Ngasekupheleni kwenyanga, amazinga okushisa ebusuku angehla afinyelele cishe ku-7,5°C, futhi ngokumangalisayo, amazinga okushisa aphansi angu-0,9°C aqoshwe (Ephreli 2011). Ekuqaleni kwenyanga, kusaqhubeka izinsuku ezifudumele kakhulu, lapho amazinga okushisa ajwayelekile angu-34°C kanye namazinga aphezulu afinyelela ku-39,5°C (Ephreli 1997).
Ngo-Ephreli, imvula yehla cishe Ukusabalala okungu-31 mm ezinsukwini ezi-4Kukhona isilinganiso samahora ayi-11 nemizuzu engama-25 yokukhanya kwelanga, amahora ayi-6 okukhanya kwelanga okuphumelelayo (52% wosuku), umswakama ongu-61%, kanye nemimoya engaba ngu-16 km/h. Yinyanga elinganiselayo kakhulu yemisebenzi yangaphandle, kokubili edolobheni nasezigodini eziseduze.
UMeyi ngokuvamile inyanga epholile kakhulu, kodwa inomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwemini nobusuku. Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lifinyelela... 16,8 ºC (ubuncane be-10,3 ºC, umkhawulo ongu-23,4 ºC)Ekupheleni kwenyanga, ngobusuku obubanda kakhulu, amazinga okushisa angehla afinyelele cishe ku-2,5°C, futhi ngisho nangaphansi kuka--2,2°C kuye kwabhalwa phansi (Meyi 1993). Ngokuphambene nalokho, ekuqaleni kukaMeyi usengathola izinsuku ezinamazinga aphezulu acishe abe ngu-30,5°C kanye neziqongo eziphakeme kakhulu ezingama-36,6°C (Meyi 1997).
Imvula ngoMeyi ayivamile kakhulu: cishe 13 mm ezinsukwini ezimbili kuphelaUbude bosuku bufinyela emahoreni ayi-10 nemizuzu engama-40, kanye namahora angu-5,5 okukhanya kwelanga (amahora angu-52% emini). Umswakama ojwayelekile ujikeleza cishe ku-62%, kanti imimoya yehla ifinyelele cishe ku-13 km/h. Kwabaningi abahambi, le nyanga iyindawo ephakathi nendawo phakathi kokushisa kwehlobo nokubanda kwasebusika, okwenza kube ngcono kakhulu.
Ubusika eCatamarca: izinsuku ezithambile, ubusuku obubandayo, nesimo sezulu esomile
Ubusika eCatamarca (ngoJuni, ngoJulayi nango-Agasti) bubonakala nge amazinga okushisa aphansi emini, ubusuku obupholile noma obubandayo, kanye nemvula encaneKuyisizini eyomile, enesibhakabhaka esicacile ingxenye enkulu yesonto kanye nezinga lokushisa elibalulekile lansuku zonke.
UJuni unezinga lokushisa elimaphakathi le- 12,9 ºC (ubuncane be-5,6 ºC, umkhawulo ongu-20,2 ºC)Ubusuku obubanda kakhulu bungehla bufike cishe ku-2°C, futhi amazinga aphezulu kakhulu afinyelela ku-7°C aqoshwe (Juni 2000). Nokho, emini, amazinga aphezulu avamile angaba ngu-26,5°C ngezikhathi eziphansi kakhulu, kanye nerekhodi elingu-31,3°C ngoJuni 2001.
Kule nyanga, imvula cishe iyindaba emfushane: kuphela Imvula engu-7 mm kanye nosuku olulodwa lwemvula Ngokwesilinganiso, ukukhanya kwelanga kuthatha cishe amahora ayi-10 nemizuzu engama-25, kanti umhla zingama-21 kuNhlangulana—i-winter solstice—usuku olufushane kakhulu lonyaka eNingizimu Yenkabazwe. Kukhona cishe amahora angu-5,5 okukhanya kwelanga ngosuku (51% wamahora okukhanya kwelanga), kanye nomswakama ongu-60% kanye nemimoya emaphakathi engu-11 km/h.
UJulayi, inyanga ebanda kakhulu onyakeni, ukhombisa izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi 12,4 ºC (ubuncane be-4,5 ºC, umkhawulo ongu-20,3 ºC)Ebusuku obubanda kakhulu, amazinga okushisa avame ukwehla afike cishe ku--2,5°C, kanti irekhodi lakamuva lingu--7,4°C (Julayi 1994). Ngezinsuku ezipholile kakhulu zenyanga, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lifinyelela cishe ku-28°C, kanye nerekhodi eliphakeme elingu-34,3°C ngoJulayi 1997.
Imvula ngoJulayi incishisiwe yaba 4 mm ngosuku olulodwa lwemvulaKukhona cishe amahora ayi-10 nemizuzu engama-30 yokukhanya kwelanga ngosuku, kanye namahora ayi-6 okukhanya kwelanga okuphumelelayo (amahora angama-57% emini), umswakama omaphakathi ongu-51%, kanye nemimoya engaba ngu-12 km/h. Kusebusika obubandayo, ikakhulukazi ebusuku, kodwa kunezikhathi ezimbalwa zasemini ezimnandi.
U-Agasti uphawula ukuqala kokuphela kobusika, ngesilinganiso 16 ºC (ubuncane be-7,7 ºC, umkhawulo ongu-24,3 ºC)Ubusuku obubanda kakhulu benyanga bungafinyelela cishe ku-0°C, kanti amazinga okushisa aphansi njengo-3,8°C aqoshwe (Agasti 2007). Ngokuphambene nalokho, amazinga okushisa emini angafinyelela ku-34,5°C ngezikhathi ezifudumele kakhulu, kanye nerekhodi elingu-40,5°C ngo-Agasti 1996, okubonisa izinga lokushisa elibaluleke kakhulu.
Akunamvula kangako ngo-Agasti: cishe 3 mm ngosuku olulodwaAmahora okukhanya kwasemini athatha amahora ayi-11 nemizuzu emi-5, kanye namahora ayi-6,5 okukhanya kwelanga (59% wokukhanya kwasemini). Umswakama ojwayelekile wehla ufike ku-40%, kanti umoya uvunguza ufike ku-16 km/h, okwenza umoya uzizwe womile futhi upholile.
Intwasahlobo eCatamarca: ukushisa okwandayo kanye nomswakama ophansi
Intwasahlobo (uSepthemba, u-Okthoba, uNovemba) eCatamarca iyisizini ye- ukushisa okwandayo kanye nesimo sezulu esomile kakhuluNakuba isimo sezulu sivame ukuba mnandi ekuqaleni, njengoba ihlobo lisondela, izinsuku ezishisayo ziba ziningi, kanti iziqongo zifana nezaphakathi noJanuwari.
USepthemba unezinga lokushisa elimaphakathi le- 20 ºC (ubuncane be-12,2 ºC, umkhawulo ongu-27,7 ºC)ngomehluko omkhulu phakathi kobusuku nemini. Ekuseni okubanda kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni kwenyanga, izinga lokushisa lingehla liye cishe ku-2,5°C, kanti amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu angu--5,9°C alotshwe ngisho (Septhemba 1993). Ezinsukwini ezishisa kakhulu, ngokuvamile ngasekupheleni kwenyanga, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu licishe libe ngu-37,5°C, kanti izinga lokushisa eliphakeme elingu-43,5°C lilotshiwe (Septhemba 2004).
Imvula isalokhu incane ngoSepthemba, cishe Imvula ejwayelekile engu-6 mm kanye nosuku olulodwa lwemvulaUsuku luthatha cishe amahora ayi-11 nemizuzu engama-55, kanye namahora ayi-6 okukhanya kwelanga (49% wamahora okukhanya kwelanga), umswakama ojwayelekile ongu-38%, kanye nemimoya engaba ngu-20 km/h. Ngakho-ke, kuyinyanga yokuguquka lapho kungase kushise khona kakhulu, kodwa umoya uhlala womile.
U-Okthoba manje usengabhekwa njengenyanga efudumele. Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lingu- 23,8 ºC (ubuncane be-16,9 ºC, umkhawulo ongu-30,8 ºC)Njengoba ubusuku ekuqaleni kwenyanga bungase bufike cishe ku-7,5 ºC, njengoba buqophe u-2,3 ºC ngo-Okthoba 1991. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ekupheleni kwenyanga akuvamile ukufinyelela amazinga aphezulu angu-39,5 ºC, futhi irekhodi eliphelele lika-47 ºC lenzeke ngqo ngo-Okthoba 2009.
Imvula ngo-Okthoba isiseduze 24 mm, isakazeke izinsuku ezi-3Usuku luthatha cishe amahora ayi-12 nemizuzu engama-50 ubude, kanye namahora ayi-7 okukhanya kwelanga (amahora angama-55% emini), umswakama omaphakathi ongu-42%, kanye nesivinini somoya esimaphakathi esingu-22 km/h. Kuyinyanga lapho ukushisa kungaba namandla kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi kube ngaphezu kwaphakathi nehlobo.
UNovemba ugcina ithoni yawo efudumele ngokushisa okumaphakathi kwe 26,2 ºC (ubuncane be-19,6 ºC, umkhawulo ongu-32,8 ºC)Ubusuku obupholile kakhulu, ekuqaleni kwenyanga, bungehla bufike cishe ku-11,5°C, kanye nokwehla okukhulu okungu-5,8°C (Novemba 2002). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngasekupheleni kwenyanga, amazinga aphezulu avame ukuphakama cishe ngo-40°C, kanti amanani angu-44°C aqoshiwe (Novemba 2009).
Ngokuphathelene nemvula, uNovemba ufinyelela cishe 45 mm ezinsukwini eziyi-4Usuku luthatha cishe amahora ayi-13 nemizuzu engama-30, kanye namahora angu-7,5 okukhanya kwelanga (57% wamahora okukhanya kwelanga), umswakama omaphakathi ongu-45%, kanye nomoya omaphakathi ongu-24 km/h. Yinyanga esivele izwakala sengathi ihlobo, kodwa ingakafiki esicongweni seziphepho ngoJanuwari.
Isikhathi esihle sokuvakashela iCatamarca ngokuya ngohlobo lohambo lwakho
Ukukhetha isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokuvakashela iCatamarca akulula kangako, ngoba Ihlobo lishisa kakhulu futhi ubusika bushintsha ngokushesha izinga lokushisangobusuku obubandayo kanye nesithwathwa esingaba khona, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphakeme. Yingakho abahambi abaningi bebheka ikwindla njengesikhathi "esifanele bonke" sonyaka.
Uma umbono wakho uwukugxila enhloko-dolobha nasemadolobheni asezigodini (njengeBelen, Andalgalá, Santa MarÃa noma iTinogasta), inketho ejabulisa kakhulu ivame ukuba phakathi kuka-Ephreli noMeyi, noma uSepthemba nasekuqaleni kuka-OkthobaNgaleso sikhathi sonyaka, ukushisa kwasemini kuyamaphakathi, imvula ayitholakali kalula, futhi isimo sezulu silungele ukuhamba ezindaweni zomlando, ukuvakashela izindawo zokwenza iwayini, noma ukuhlola imizila emifushane endaweni yasemakhaya.
Kulabo abafuna ezokuvakasha ezijabulisayo e-puna —njenge- Intaba-mlilo yaseGalán, iNsimu Yamatshe ePumice, i-Antofalla Salt Flat noma uMzila Wezinkulungwane Eziyisithupha— Kungcono ukugwema ukuphakama kwehlobo ngenxa yengozi yeziphepho kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu ezindaweni eziphakeme, kanye nezinyanga zasebusika ezibandayo kakhulu ngenxa yemimoya ebandayo kanye neqhwa elingaba khona ezindaweni eziphakeme. Abaqondisi abaningi batusa ukuphela kwentwasahlobo kanye nokuqala kwekwindla, njalo bafuna iseluleko sendawo.
Uma uhlelo lwakho luwukusebenzisa ithuba I-Fiambalá Hot SpringsUngaya cishe unyaka wonke, kodwa phakathi kwekwindla nentwasahlobo inhlanganisela yamanzi ashisayo nomoya omusha ivame ukuba mnandi kakhulu. Ehlobo, amanzi ashisayo ahlanganiswe nokushisa okuzungezile angaba usizo kakhulu kulabo abangakubekezeleli kahle amazinga okushisa aphezulu.
Kunoma ikuphi, njengoba kuyisifundazwe esinokwehluka okukhulu kokuphakama, kubalulekile ukuhlela imizila kucatshangelwa hhayi nje isizini, kodwa futhi nokuphakama ozoba kukho nsuku zonke, uhlobo lomgwaqo (i-asphalt noma i-gravel) kanye nokwenzeka kwemimoya enamandla noma iziphepho ezizimele.
Njengoba yonke le datha isesandleni, kulula ukuqonda ukuthi kungani isimo sezulu saseCatamarca singaba sihlukile kangaka: Ihlobo elishisayo kakhulu elineziphepho, ubusika obomile obunezinsuku ezithambile nobusuku obubandayo, iziphethu ezishintshayo kanye nokwindlafuthi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezimo zezulu ezincane kuye ngokuthi indawo ikuphi nendawo ezungezile.
Ukukhetha isikhathi esifanele sokuhamba, ukulungiselela ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, nokuthola izeluleko ezinhle zendawo kuyisihluthulelo sokujabulela ngokugcwele amadolobha ayo anomlando, imizila emihle, izindawo ezishisayo, izintaba-mlilo, kanye nemithombo eshisayo ngaphandle kokuba isimo sezulu sidlale ngawe.